Achilles tendon: what it is, types and problems

The Achilles tendon is one of the most important tendons required for any type of movement. This is a band of tissue that is fibrous in nature and that connects your calf muscles to your heel. There are different ways to heal a ruptured Achilles tendon besides surgery. Changing your activities or wearing a walking cast, as well as icing, can help reduce pain.

Health Shots consulted physiotherapist and sports rehabilitation specialist Dr Saurabh Sane to understand the causes of Achilles tendonitis and how to fix it.

What is the Achilles Tendon?

Achilles tendon, named after the Greek warrior Achilles whose only weakness was his heel, is the thickest tendon in the human body. “It runs along the back of your lower leg, connecting your calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to your heel bone (calcaneus),” says Dr. San. This powerful tendon is the key to pushing off the ground when you walk, run, and jump.

What causes pain in the Achilles tendon?

Achilles tendon pain can be a real heel-stopper, and there are a few culprits, Dr. San explains.

1. Overuse

Repetitive activities that damage the tendon, such as running, jumping sports, or suddenly increasing your exercise intensity, can lead to small tears and swelling.

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2. Tight calf muscles

Inflexible calf muscles can put additional stress on the Achilles tendon, making the injury more likely.

3. Poor footwear

Shoes without support can put pressure on the tendon and cause abnormal foot movement.

4. Age

As we age, the Achilles tendon loses its elasticity, making it more susceptible to tears.

5. Certain medicines

Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, can weaken tendons.

Also read: Why does my heel hurt? Learn about common causes and treatment

Types of Achilles tendinitis

Achilles tendinitis is the most common cause of Achilles tendon pain. “It’s essentially inflammation of the tendon due to overuse or microtears,” says Dr. San.

There are two main types of Achilles tendinitis:
• Non-insertional: It occurs in the medial part of the tendon.
• Insertion: This inflammation occurs where the tendon attaches to the heel bone.

Who is most likely to develop Achilles tendon problems?

Some people are more at risk for Achilles tendon injuries than others. Besides:

1. Athletes

Runners, jumpers and dancers who engage in intense training are prone to overuse injuries.

2. Weekend warriors

People who suddenly increase their activity level after periods of inactivity are more susceptible.

3. Men

Men are more likely to experience Achilles tendon ruptures than women. A study published in HHS Public Access84 percent of ruptures occur in men.

4. Overweight people

Extra weight puts more stress on the Achilles tendon. In fact, losing weight can help relieve pain.

Also Read: Runners, Here’s How You Can Avoid Shin Splints!

5. People with flat feet or tight calf muscles

These anatomical factors can change how a tendon is stressed.

Signs You Have Achilles Tendonitis

Achilles tendonitis often presents itself with these symptoms:

• Pain and tenderness in the back of your heel, especially in the morning or after activity.
• Stiffness in the ankle, especially when you first move.
• Swelling around the tendon.
• Difficulty pushing off the ground while walking or running.

Achilles tendon pain diagnosis and treatment

If you suspect Achilles tendinitis, see a doctor. Diagnosis usually involves a physical exam and imaging tests such as X-rays or ultrasounds. Treatment usually includes:

1. Rest

Reducing or stopping activities that aggravate pain is key to healing. Rehabilitation after a rupture can take about six months. Avoid high energy activities.

2. Ice

Wrap a gel pack or a bag of frozen peas in a thin towel and apply to the painful area for 15-20 minutes. Repeat this a few times throughout the day to reduce inflammation and reduce pain.

3. Anti-inflammatory drugs

Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage pain and inflammation. Furthermore, rest can also help with inflammation.

4. Physical therapy

Stretching and strengthening exercises improve flexibility and strength in the calf muscles, reducing stress on the tendon.

5. Orthotics

Supportive shoe inserts help improve foot mechanics and reduce stress on the Achilles.

In severe cases, surgery may be an option to repair a ruptured Achilles tendon.